MCP, in fact, can also create a communication network among car owners, drivers, and car park owners and offer a unique base for studying social capital and resource utilization opportunities. However, MCP studies have yet not addressed the notion of such social capital which is expected to contribute to the sustainable transportation in a city. Previous mobile phone-based studies have also advocated that mobile apps create a social network among the users. The mobile car parking (MCP) app provides users to locate a car park and park his/her car, which is expected to contribute to sustainable transportation. It has achieved the most efficient results with a score of 85.7%. Moreover, a clear analysis of the differences in performance is illustrated with the final model deployed being XGboost. Several machine learning models were investigated in order to estimate the occupancy rate of certain places. Some experiments were done on real data collected for six different locations in Cairo via a live popular times library. User authentication and automated payments are handled using a quick response (QR) code on entry and exit. To address these issues, this paper proposes a digitized parking system with a proof-of-concept implementation that combines multiple technological concepts into one solution with the advantages of using IoT for real-time tracking of parking availability. These systems require the drivers to search for an empty parking space with no guarantee of finding any wasting time, resources, and causing unnecessary congestion. Existing car parking systems tend to tackle parking issues in a non-digitized manner. Parking space is usually very limited in major cities, especially Cairo, leading to traffic congestion, air pollution, and driver frustration.
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